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Peptidoglycan contamination in pharmaceutical manufacturing

Peptidoglycan, also known as murein, is a heteropolymer. It is built up by a carbohydrate backbone of alternating N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid; in addition, N-acetylmuramic acid is cross-linked to peptides. Peptidoglycan is an important component of the cell wall of most bacteria. However, its content is higher in gram-positive than in gram-negative bacterial walls, as it represents 40% of the total weight of gram-positive bacterial walls, but only 1%–10% of the total weight of gram-negative bacterial walls.

How Do I Choose a Sampler?

This is one of the most common questions we are asked. Even though there is no direct answer as every situation is different there are numerous factors that need to be considered when deciding on the best sampler. Usually poor sampling results are a direct result of not choosing the correct tool. For example a common mistake is a free flowing powder sampler is used when the powder being sampled is poor flowing (more on this later).

Pipetting

Pipetting is the accurate one-time uptake and delivery of liquids. An air interface pipette is used for pipetting aqueous liquids in the microliter to milliliter range. It operates by the air interface principle.