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Peptidoglycan contamination in pharmaceutical manufacturing

Peptidoglycan, also known as murein, is a heteropolymer. It is built up by a carbohydrate backbone of alternating N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid; in addition, N-acetylmuramic acid is cross-linked to peptides. Peptidoglycan is an important component of the cell wall of most bacteria. However, its content is higher in gram-positive than in gram-negative bacterial walls, as it represents 40% of the total weight of gram-positive bacterial walls, but only 1%–10% of the total weight of gram-negative bacterial walls.